A Guide to Setup a PyTorch and TensorFlow Development Environment with GPU

15 minute read

The process of installing and updating essential components, such as the NVIDIA driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN, to create a GPU development environment is introduced.

Why Write This Guide?

Today, I attempted to install PyTorch3D within my venv virtual environment using pip but encountered difficulties despite having successfully installed PyTorch, the NVIDIA driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN on my system.

I discovered that PyTorch 2.* requires CUDA Toolkit version 12.1, while my laptop currently has CUDA Toolkit version 12.0. While I am not certain if this version mismatch is the cause of the problem in installing PyTorch3D (probably not), I have decided to reinstall everything and meticulously document the entire process of installing and updating the NVIDIA driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN during the development workflow.

The objectives of this post are as follows:

Document the step-by-step process of installing and updating the NVIDIA driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN.
Record the procedure for creating a venv virtual environment, installing PyTorch, successfully running PyTorch utilities with GPU support, and installing PyTorch3D within the venv virtual environment.
In the event of unsuccessful installation of PyTorch3D within the venv virtual environment, create a Docker image to establish an environment capable of running PyTorch3D. This environment should be compatible with the following three scenarios:
- Jupyter Notebook
- Command-line shell
- Visual Studio Code, ensuring it recognizes the environment.

I use Ubuntu 22.04, and my GPU is the NVIDIA RTX A3000 Laptop GPU, equipped with 4096 CUDA cores and 6144 MB of memory. The current CUDA version is as follows:

$ nvidia-smi

Mon Jan 15 12:00:18 2024
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 525.147.05   Driver Version: 525.147.05   CUDA Version: 12.0     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                               |                      |               MIG M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA RTX A300...  Off  | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| N/A   45C    P0    N/A /  60W |     10MiB /  6144MiB |      0%      Default |
|                               |                      |                  N/A |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                  |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                  GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                   Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0   N/A  N/A      1325      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                  4MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      2142      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                  4MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

The system indicates that my laptop is currently running NVIDIA driver version 525.147.05 and CUDA Toolkit version 12.0. I intend to update the CUDA Toolkit to version 12.1.

Installing NVIDIA Driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN

To provide a clear understanding, let’s break down these terms:

NVIDIA Driver: This is the essential driver responsible for managing the GPU at a low level, potentially interacting with the GPU at the CPU register level.
CUDA Toolkit: Built upon the NVIDIA Driver, the CUDA Toolkit offers users an API (Application Programming Interface) to execute basic numeric operations. These operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, allowing for efficient GPU utilization.
cuDNN: Extending the functionality provided by the CUDA Toolkit, cuDNN operates at a higher level by implementing neural network functionalities. It streamlines complex neural network operations, making it more accessible for high-level users.

In the scenario of updating the NVIDIA Driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN, my preference is to remove everything that has already been installed and initiate the process from a clean state.

Here are the links that might be helpful:

To remove CUDA Toolkit:

sudo apt --purge remove "*cuda*" "*cublas*" "*cufft*" "*cufile*" "*curand*" "*cusolver*" "*cusparse*" "*gds-tools*" "*npp*" "*nvjpeg*" "nsight*" "*nvvm*"
sudo /usr/local/cuda-12.1/bin/cuda-uninstaller

To remove NVIDIA Drivers:

sudo /usr/bin/nvidia-uninstall
sudo apt clean; sudo apt update; sudo apt purge cuda; sudo apt purge nvidia-*; sudo apt autoremove;
sudo apt --purge remove "*nvidia*" "libxnvctrl*"

To clean up the uninstall:

sudo apt autoremove

To remove libraries in /usr/local/cuda*:

sudo rm -r /usr/local/cuda*

Installing NVIDIA Driver

Interestingly, it might seem like manually installing the NVIDIA Driver isn’t always necessary. For example, when using the runfile (local) method to install the CUDA Toolkit, a specific version of the NVIDIA Driver, bundled with the runfile, gets installed automatically.

However, there are scenarios where manual installation of the NVIDIA Driver becomes essential. This is particularly true for newer NVIDIA GPU models, which may require the latest driver versions not included in the older CUDA Toolkit. For instance, the CUDA Toolkit version cuda_12.1.1_530.30.02_linux.run includes the NVIDIA Driver 530.30.02. This version can be too outdated for newer GPU models.

In such cases, it’s necessary to install a specific version of the NVIDIA Driver independently from the CUDA Toolkit. In this section, I’ll guide you through the process of installing the NVIDIA Driver on its own, ensuring compatibility with the latest GPU models. This guide is intended to help future users, including my future self, navigate this setup.

Installing NVIDIA Driver on Virtual Machines of Google Compute Engine (GCE)

This section demonstrates how to install the NVIDIA driver on a clean Ubuntu virtual machine (Ubuntu 22.04) hosted on GCE. Please carefully follow the steps below:

Step 1: Begin by thoroughly reading the official installation guide provided by GCE. This guide covers crucial details essential for a successful installation, such as determining the minimum supported version of NVIDIA drivers for each GPU type and using the installation script to install the NVIDIA driver. It’s important to note that although this section suggests that the NVIDIA driver can be installed alongside the CUDA Toolkit, I recommend installing the driver separately to ensure compatibility, especially when the pre-packaged driver version in the CUDA Toolkit might not meet the specific requirements of your hardware.

After checking out Step 1, you should have pinned down the right version of the NVIDIA driver for your hardware. If you haven’t, take another crack at it—sometimes it just takes a bit more digging to land on the correct driver version. Moving forward, we’ll be using the version 535.104.05 and following the approach laid out in this installation script provided by GCE.
Step 2: Start by updating and upgrading your system packages.
```
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
```
Next, install the kernel headers and development packages for the currently running kernel:
```
sudo apt install linux-headers-$(uname -r)
```

Step 3: Install required system packages.

sudo apt install -y software-properties-common \
pciutils \
make \
dkms \
gcc-12 \
g++-12

A crucial step here is to set gcc-12 and g++-12 as the default compilers. This ensures they are used when installing the NVIDIA driver.

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-12 100 \
--slave /usr/bin/g++               g++ /usr/bin/g++-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcc-ar         gcc-ar /usr/bin/gcc-ar-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcc-nm         gcc-nm /usr/bin/gcc-nm-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcc-ranlib gcc-ranlib /usr/bin/gcc-ranlib-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcov             gcov /usr/bin/gcov-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcov-dump   gcov-dump /usr/bin/gcov-dump-12 \
--slave /usr/bin/gcov-tool   gcov-tool /usr/bin/gcov-tool-12

To learn more about changing the default GCC/G++ compiler in Ubuntu, you might want to read through this Stack Overflow question.

Step 4: Download and install the NVIDIA driver.
```
curl -fSsl -O https://us.download.nvidia.com/tesla/535.104.05/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-535.104.05.run
sudo sh NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-535.104.05.run -s --dkms --no-cc-version-check
```
If you encounter any errors or failures during installation, please refer to this installation function. You may find salvation in it.

After successfully installing the NVIDIA driver, the next step is to install the CUDA Toolkit.

Installing CUDA Toolkit

Here are the links that might be helpful for installing CUDA Toolkit:

Now, I aim to update the CUDA Toolkit to version 12.1. The reason behind this decision is that I discovered the official PyTorch 2.1 release seems to exclusively support CUDA versions 12.1 (and not above?).

After removing the previous version, I will adhere to the NVIDIA official CUDA Toolkit installation guide. While this guide recommends installing CUDA Toolkit 12.3, I specifically intend to install version 12.1. To achieve this, I will navigate to the CUDA Toolkit Archive and select the version of CUDA Toolkit 12.1. Following the selection of CPU architecture, OS, and distribution, I will opt for the runfile (local) installation method.

Notice: Please exercise caution with this method when installing the CUDA Toolkit. If you have already installed an NVIDIA driver as described in the previous section, DO NOT select the option to install the NVIDIA driver that is bundled with the CUDA Toolkit. This could lead to conflicts with the driver already installed on your system.

wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/12.1.1/local_installers/cuda_12.1.1_530.30.02_linux.run
sudo sh cuda_12.1.1_530.30.02_linux.run

Notice: Exercise extreme caution when using sudo apt-get install cuda or sudo apt-get install cuda-12-1 for installation. I have encountered instances where the installed CUDA version did not match my intended version, even when following the exact command provided by the guide.

After installation, it prompts the following message:

===========
= Summary =
===========

Driver:   Installed
Toolkit:  Installed in /usr/local/cuda-12.1/

Please make sure that
 -   PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-12.1/bin
 -   LD_LIBRARY_PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64, or, add /usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64 to /etc/ld.so.conf and run ldconfig as root

To uninstall the CUDA Toolkit, run cuda-uninstaller in /usr/local/cuda-12.1/bin
To uninstall the NVIDIA Driver, run nvidia-uninstall
Logfile is /var/log/cuda-installer.log

I can verify the installation by running:

$ nvidia-smi
Sun Jan 21 09:22:21 2024
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 530.30.02              Driver Version: 530.30.02    CUDA Version: 12.1     |
|-----------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name                  Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf            Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                                         |                      |               MIG M. |
|=========================================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA RTX A3000 Laptop GPU     Off| 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| N/A   49C    P0               19W /  60W|      0MiB /  6144MiB |      0%      Default |
|                                         |                      |                  N/A |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                            |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                            GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                             Usage      |
|=======================================================================================|
|  No running processes found                                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

We can observe that NVIDIA Driver 530.30.02 and CUDA Toolkit 12.1 are installed. Also, let’s check the location of the installed NVIDIA Driver and CUDA Toolkit.

$ ls /usr/bin/nvidia-*
/usr/bin/nvidia-bug-report.sh     /usr/bin/nvidia-debugdump  /usr/bin/nvidia-modprobe      /usr/bin/nvidia-powerd    /usr/bin/nvidia-smi
/usr/bin/nvidia-cuda-mps-control  /usr/bin/nvidia-detector   /usr/bin/nvidia-ngx-updater   /usr/bin/nvidia-settings  /usr/bin/nvidia-uninstall
/usr/bin/nvidia-cuda-mps-server   /usr/bin/nvidia-installer  /usr/bin/nvidia-persistenced  /usr/bin/nvidia-sleep.sh  /usr/bin/nvidia-xconfig

$ ls /usr/local/cuda*
/usr/local/cuda:
bin                DOCS      extras  gds-12.1  lib64    nsight-compute-2023.1.1  nsight-systems-2023.1.2  nvvm    share  targets  version.json
compute-sanitizer  EULA.txt  gds     include   libnvvp  nsightee_plugins         nvml                     README  src    tools

/usr/local/cuda-12.1:
bin                DOCS      extras  gds-12.1  lib64    nsight-compute-2023.1.1  nsight-systems-2023.1.2  nvvm    share  targets  version.json
compute-sanitizer  EULA.txt  gds     include   libnvvp  nsightee_plugins         nvml                     README  src    tools

Post-installation Actions:

Here are the links that can be helpful for post-installation actions:

To update PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH, adding the following two lines in .bashrc:

export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.1/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

and source .bashrc, source .bashrc.

Note: I don’t know what the following two commands do. I’m adding them here as a reminder.

export CPATH=/usr/local/cuda/include:$CPATH
export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

Now, let’s verify it.

$ which nvcc
/usr/local/cuda-12.1/bin/nvcc

$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2023 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Mon_Apr__3_17:16:06_PDT_2023
Cuda compilation tools, release 12.1, V12.1.105
Build cuda_12.1.r12.1/compiler.32688072_0

It appears that nvcc -V and nvidia-smi might return two different versions of the CUDA Toolkit. To gain a better understanding of these two commands, please refer to the following links:

Note: Some guides use the following two commands to install the CUDA Toolkit, but it seems unnecessary to me since I successfully installed the NVIDIA driver and CUDA Toolkit without them.

# I think the following two commands are not needed.
sudo apt-get install cuda-toolkit
sudo apt-get install nvidia-cuda-toolkit

Installing cuDNN

Here are the links that can be helpful for installing cuDNN:

First, I log into the NVIDIA cuDNN website and select the version compatible with my setup. I opt for Download cuDNN v8.9.7 (December 5th, 2023), for CUDA 12.x, and choose the version for Ubuntu, specifically Local Installer for Linux x86_64 (Tar). I prefer the tar installation method due to its simplicity – it involves unzipping the file and copying the files into the local directory.

Follow the steps below to install cuDNN.

Unzip the cuDNN package.

$ cd Downloads/
$ tar -xvf cudnn-linux-x86_64-8.9.7.29_cuda12-archive.tar.xz

Copy the uncompressed files into the CUDA toolkit directory. There are two CUDA folders after installing CUDA Toolkit, /usr/local/cuda and /usr/local-12.1/cuda, on my laptop. The former is symbolically linked to the latter, as shown by the following command:
```
$ ll /usr/local/cuda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Jan 29 06:32 /usr/local/cuda -> /usr/local/cuda-12.1//
```

sudo cp cudnn-linux-x86_64-8.9.7.29_cuda12-archive/include/cudnn*.h /usr/local/cuda-12.1/include
sudo cp -P cudnn-linux-x86_64-8.9.7.29_cuda12-archive/lib/libcudnn* /usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64
sudo chmod a+r /usr/local/cuda-12.1/include/cudnn*.h /usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64/libcudnn*

Verify the installation by following this StackOverflow question.

$ cat /usr/local/cuda/include/cudnn_version.h | grep CUDNN_MAJOR -A 2
#define CUDNN_MAJOR 8
#define CUDNN_MINOR 9
#define CUDNN_PATCHLEVEL 7

We can confirm that cuDNN v8.9.7 has been successfully installed.

Install PyTorch in `venv` Virtual Environment

I do not utilize conda; if necessary, I would prefer to employ conda within a Docker container environment rather than installing it on my system.

Create and activate a Python venv virtual environment:

python3.10 -m venv venv_gpu && source venv_gpu/bin/activate

Update pip and setuptools:

python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools

Install Pytorch 2.* by following the guide in the official guide.

I choose stable(2.1.2) and CUDA 12.1.

python3 -m pip install torch torchvision torchaudio

Verify the installation

$ python
Python 3.10.10 (main, Mar 29 2023, 06:08:28) [GCC 9.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import torch
>>> x = torch.rand(5, 3)
>>> print(x)
tensor([[0.5622, 0.9026, 0.5692],
        [0.4352, 0.5099, 0.2568],
        [0.4739, 0.6036, 0.8984],
        [0.0356, 0.3390, 0.2689],
        [0.6139, 0.9721, 0.4264]])
>>> torch.cuda.is_available()
True

Install TensorFlow in venv Virtual Environment: The process of installing TensorFlow is similar to PyTorch’s. Here are the step-by-step instructions.

Create, activate a Python venv virtual environment and update pip and setuptools:

python3.10 -m venv venv_gpu && source venv_gpu/bin/activate && python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools

Install latest stable version of TensorFlow by following the official guide.

# For GPU users
python3 -m pip install tensorflow[and-cuda]
# For CPU users
python3 -m pip install tensorflow

To Export or Not To Export `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`

After installing and attempting to run a PyTorch program, I encountered the following error:

Could not load library libcudnn_cnn_train.so.8. Error: /usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64/libcudnn_cnn_train.so.8: undefined symbol: _ZN5cudnn3cnn34layerNormFwd_execute_internal_implERKNS_7backend11VariantPackEP11CUstream_stRNS0_18LayerNormFwdParamsERKNS1_20NormForwardOperationEmb, version libcudnn_cnn_infer.so.8

The strange thing is that this issue occurred after I followed the instructions in the official guide, which include exporting PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH in .bashrc.

Upon further investigation, I found that the latest PyTorch version installs the cuDNN library by default. If I set LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.1/lib64/ in the system path, my PyTorch program does not search for the cuDNN path in its virtual environment, specifically ./venv_gpu/lib/python3.10/site-packages/nvidia/cudnn/lib/. While I’m not sure why it doesn’t search the local path, there are two solutions to resolve this:

Add ./venv_gpu/lib/python3.10/site-packages/nvidia/cudnn/lib/ to LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
Do not export LD_LIBRARY_PATH in .bashrc.

I choose the latter option, not exporting LD_LIBRARY_PATH in .bashrc, as it is simpler. This allows each Python virtual environment to install different cuDNN libraries while using PyTorch.

References:

https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/96595
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70340812/how-to-install-pytorch-with-cuda-support-with-pip-in-visual-studio
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70340812/how-to-install-pytorch-with-cuda-support-with-pip-in-visual-studio
https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/104591
https://blog.csdn.net/wangmou211/article/details/134595135
https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/could-not-load-library-libcudnn-cnn-train-so-8-while-training-convnet/171334/3
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37700257/article/details/134312228
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70340812/how-to-install-pytorch-with-cuda-support-with-pip-in-visual-studio

Following the Exact Steps to Install PyTorch3D

After installing the NVIDIA driver, CUDA Toolkit, cuDNN, creating a venv virtual environment, and installing PyTorch 2.1.*, I can finally proceed to install PyTorch3D.

Note: PyTorch3D’s official guide recommends using conda for installation, but I prefer not to install conda on my laptop. Thus, I attempted to build/install from source within the venv virtual environment.

NVIDIA Python wheels: NVIDIA provides Python Wheels for installing CUDA through pip, primarily for using CUDA with Python. These packages are intended for runtime use and do not currently include developer tools (these can be installed separately).

Install CUDA wheels:

python3 -m pip install --upgrade setuptools pip wheel
python3 -m pip install nvidia-pyindex
python3 -m pip install -r nvidia_requirements.txt

The content of nvidia_requirements.txt is:

--extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple

nvidia-cuda-runtime-cu12
nvidia-cuda-cupti-cu12
nvidia-cuda-nvcc-cu12
nvidia-nvml-dev-cu12
nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12
nvidia-nvtx-cu12
nvidia-cuda-sanitizer-api-cu12
nvidia-cublas-cu12
nvidia-cufft-cu12
nvidia-curand-cu12
nvidia-cusolver-cu12
nvidia-cusparse-cu12
nvidia-npp-cu12
nvidia-nvjpeg-cu12
nvidia-nvjitlink-cu12
nvidia-cuda-opencl-cu12

Install PyTorch3D

python3 -m pip install fvcore iopath
python3 -m pip install "git+https://github.com/facebookresearch/pytorch3d.git@stable"

Building wheels for collected packages: pytorch3d
  Building wheel for pytorch3d (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for pytorch3d: filename=pytorch3d-0.7.5-cp310-cp310-linux_x86_64.whl size=69948490 sha256=68166755d9b2cc8643ec045b7e12f9b3809573c3b9770fb3180aaabb7d6bcd7c
  Stored in directory: /tmp/pip-ephem-wheel-cache-m_1j5r61/wheels/39/5f/20/2d3b6f3a35a60bdc0ba3c19da94340db9596637d1d1222473d
Successfully built pytorch3d
Installing collected packages: pytorch3d
Successfully installed pytorch3d-0.7.5

Note: It’s extremely crucial that the NVIDIA driver and CUDA Toolkit versions align with PyTorch 2.1 compatibility. Additionally, PyTorch3D supports specific versions of PyTorch (not above PyTorch 2.1), as documented in the pytorch/install.md file. Essentially, all versions of every software must be compatible with each other; otherwise, it won’t work.

Running GPU Programs within a Docker Container

Step 1: First, read through the NVIDIA Container Toolkit GitHub repository. Then, follow the detailed instructions on the NVIDIA Container Toolkit documentation page to install the NVIDIA Container Toolkit. This toolkit enables Docker containers to access the NVIDIA GPU on your host machine.

Step 2: After installing the NVIDIA Container Toolkit, verify the installation by running the following command:

~$ sudo docker run --rm --runtime=nvidia --gpus all ubuntu nvidia-smi
Unable to find image 'ubuntu:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu
49b384cc7b4a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:3f85b7caad41a95462cf5b787d8a04604c8262cdcdf9a472b8c52ef83375fe15
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest
Sun Jun  2 08:18:02 2024       
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 535.171.04             Driver Version: 535.171.04   CUDA Version: 12.2     |
|-----------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name                 Persistence-M | Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp   Perf          Pwr:Usage/Cap |         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                                         |                      |               MIG M. |
|=========================================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA RTX A3000 Laptop GPU    Off | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| N/A   44C    P0              19W /  60W |      8MiB /  6144MiB |      0%      Default |
|                                         |                      |                  N/A |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                                            
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                            |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                            GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                             Usage      |
|=======================================================================================|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Frequently Asked Questions

Often, you may encounter the following error when running nvidia-smi:
```
$ nvidia-smi
NVIDIA-SMI has failed because it couldn't communicate with the NVIDIA driver. Make sure that the latest NVIDIA driver is installed and running.
```
This issue can arise for various reasons. After researching and trying different solutions, I found a blog post that provides a viable solution. Here is asummarized version of the steps:
- 1. Run the following command to find the previously installed NVIDIA driver version:
```
$ ls /usr/src | grep nvidia
nvidia-535.171.04
```
- 1. Install dkms (if not already installed):
```
sudo apt install dkms
```
- 1. Use dkms to install the detected driver version:
```
sudo dkms install -m nvidia -v 535.171.04
```

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A Guide to Setup a PyTorch and TensorFlow Development Environment with GPU

Why Write This Guide?

Installing NVIDIA Driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN

Installing NVIDIA Driver

Installing NVIDIA Driver on Virtual Machines of Google Compute Engine (GCE)

Installing CUDA Toolkit

Installing cuDNN

Install PyTorch in `venv` Virtual Environment

To Export or Not To Export `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`

Following the Exact Steps to Install PyTorch3D

Running GPU Programs within a Docker Container

Frequently Asked Questions

You May Also Enjoy

Deep Dive into 3D Gaussian Splatting

Anatomy of NeRF, Neural Radiance Field

Supervised Single-View to 3D Objects

Ray Tracing in C++ Multithreading

Why Write This Guide?

Installing NVIDIA Driver, CUDA Toolkit, and cuDNN

Installing NVIDIA Driver

Installing NVIDIA Driver on Virtual Machines of Google Compute Engine (GCE)

Installing CUDA Toolkit

Installing cuDNN

Install PyTorch in venv Virtual Environment

To Export or Not To Export LD_LIBRARY_PATH

Following the Exact Steps to Install PyTorch3D

Running GPU Programs within a Docker Container

Frequently Asked Questions

You May Also Enjoy

Deep Dive into 3D Gaussian Splatting

Anatomy of NeRF, Neural Radiance Field

Supervised Single-View to 3D Objects

Ray Tracing in C++ Multithreading

Install PyTorch in `venv` Virtual Environment

To Export or Not To Export `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`